Can Evolution Ever Explain Why Men Rape Essay - 1646 Words

Can evolution ever explain why men rape? Why is it considered a societal norm for men to rape women? Rape can be an act of any sexual activity that is carried out using force or threat of injury against the will of a female. It mostly occurs when the victim is underage, incapable of valid consent (i.e. drunk, drugged), or when there is a known perpetrator (i.e. family member, friend). It is unfortunate that some women get raped even when having no affiliations with the perpetrator. Despite a decrease in the reported rape cases, the statistic is misleading because most victims are not reporting the incidence. Through research, one may suggest that evolution may explain why men rape. There has been an increase in social peer pressure, a high demand in culture expectations, and a rise in individual problems (i.e. revenge, alcoholism). Thus, the incidence of rape has increased while most victims do not report it. The number of reported rapes and sexual assaults has decreased in the Unite d States. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the population-adjusted rate of rape has dropped 55% from 1993, when the survey was started, to 2013 (Drum, 2014). It is difficult to know for sure if this number is accurate because many cases of sexual assault and rape are not reported to authorities. The National Sexual Violence Resource Center estimates that roughly 63% of sexual assaults are not reported to police (2015). Still at least 25% of American women haveShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Sociology Is An Old But Ever Changing Systematic Study Of Human Behavior1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of sociology is an old but ever changing systematic study of human behaviour in a social context. Within the field of sociology, in order to create a contextual understanding of the influences that create society in which we live theories are employed to explain the forces that shape our social world. Such theories are essential in explaining emerging social phenomena suc h as pornification (Furze et al, 2015). Pornification of the social world has become a significant mass media issueRead MoreSex Offenders : Treatment And Prevention For The Future3425 Words   |  14 Pages475 – 001: Biology, Culture, and Evolution Dr. Christopher Dana Lynn Psychological Traits, Biological Commonalities, and Genetic Links in Repeat Sex Offenders: Treatment and Prevention for the Future Scientists and researchers have given little attention and on-going investigation with regard to the study of the motivations behind rapists and repeat sex offenders. By looking at a study by Lee, Caruso, Goins, Southerland in 2003, an attempt can be made to answer the question ofRead MoreHow Catch A Criminal : Instruments And Techniques Used For Investigations1651 Words   |  7 PagesHow to Catch a Criminal: Instruments and Techniques used for Investigations Why are Criminal Investigation and Tools for them Important? We all know of those popular television shows like CSI, Criminal Minds and Law and Order and how they depict the life of Criminal Investigators. They are young, independent, living somewhere on Paradise Island and in their spare time, when not hanging on a beach with a Pina Colada, they get a call about a case needing to be solved immediately. Which they do, byRead MoreSex Minority1961 Words   |  8 Pagesthey can be dealt with and to prevent them from becoming gays and lesbians? Without a doubt the so-called â€Å"symptoms† are superficial and reflect a mind-set dependent on pseudo-science. The word â€Å"symptoms† explain everything, it stigmatized those LGBT people. Those â€Å"symptoms† maybe not use to idendify but discriminate LGBT students. In similar situations which have occurred here in Malaysia and around the world, this has resulted in mental and physical abuse, bullying, torture and even rape. We haveRead MoreCharlotte Perkins Gilman, Ida B. Wells Barnett and the Fight for Fairness and Equality for Undocumented Immigrants2243 Words   |  9 Pageslaid the groundwork for the modern day struggles for civil rights, in particular the fight for fair treatment and equality of undocumented immigrants. Gilman and Wells-Barnett did not gain admiration for maintaining the status-quo, which is exactly why it is important to apply their methods of research and analysis to the fight for the equality of undocumented immigrants. This paper focuses on the revolutionary theories Gilman and Wells-Barnett are most known for, and discusses the potential implicationsRead MoreReligion : Uncovering A Great Fallacy1774 Words   |  8 Pagesof a god can be proven however, this is not true. The atheist argues that there are no good arguments that can be brought for the existence of God that cannot be otherwise well rebutted. I’ll argue using as few scientific facts as possible under the impression that they won’t be needed. This posit ion, while countering many thousands of belief systems, is, in a way, an attempt to tackle the very core of theocracy and its associated behaviors. The first question that must be asked is â€Å"why must religionRead MoreCity of God, by Fernando Meirelles and Pixote, by Hector Bebenco3034 Words   |  13 Pages Rocket stands on the fence balancing equally between both the gang lifestyle and his escape. In Pixote, Pixote is forced into the gang lifestyle by by societal constraints, and authoritative figures that limit the choices . In this essay I will explain how societal norms and ideas inflicted on children mold the future of the Brazilian culture typical for teens and children in the slums/ favelas. The idea that, from birth these kids will become products of the favela, which leads to youth transgressionRead More Sexual Innuendoes in the Films of Alfred Hitchcock Essay example3477 Words   |  14 PagesSexual Innuendoes in the Films of Alfred Hitchcock When watching an Alfred Hitchcock movie, have you ever found yourself sympathizing with a deceptive seductress or a soon-to-be sex offender? If so, you may have felt guilt from watching such sexual innuendoes, but don’t feel too bad. This is just one of the intents of Alfred Hitchcock as he weaves many of his tales with sensual characters. His films portray a vast array of sexuality from showing a battle of the sexes and tales of romance toRead MoreSocial Conflict Theory3263 Words   |  14 Pageseconomic interest with the property. It is this type of relationship which the conflict theorist will use to show that social relationships are about  power  and exploitation. Padgitt continues, Marx argued that through a dialetic process, social evolution was directed by the result of class conflict. Marxism argues that human history is all about this conflict, a result of the strong-rich exploiting the poor-weak. From such a perspective, money is made through the exploitation of the worker. It isRead MoreReligion Is Poison8248 Words   |  33 Pageswords, it can mean anything we want it to mean, but in a discussion, it is important that we understand how the word is used. I believe it is impossible to give a satisfactory universal definition of religion. Because it crosses so many different boundaries in human experience, religion is notoriously difficult to define partly due to two problems: they are too narrow and omit numerous belief systems which many agree are religious, or they are too broad, suggesting that everything is or can be a religion

Fitness Plan For A Leisure Wellness Plan - 1631 Words

Introduction As counselors we are required to take care of one’s mental health and wellness. We have holistic, nurturing and client- centered training. In doing so many counselors help their clients out by making a Leisure wellness plan. This plan is something that a client or individual can follow to keep themselves healthy and active. A Leisure plan is something that makes you help yourself feel better emotionally, mentally and physically. As stated by Elizabeth Venart a private practitioner (2011), â€Å" The Importance of self-care is overtly discussed and modeled by faculty, and the curriculum of each course includes an emphasis on self-assessment and reflection as well as the development and implementation of concrete wellness plans and practices†(p.47). Leisure is seen as relaxing but at the same time working to take care of yourself to create the best version of you. Why do we need Wellness and Leisure? Keeping well is required for counselors and health care workers. Being in such a stressful field means that one must maintain a healthy and well lifestyle. Assessing one’s self-care not only helps the counselor grow as an individual it helps them see difficulties in others. One’s thinking could be clouded and faced with stress due to lack of self-care. If a client doesn’t treat themselves right it’s going be more difficult for them to move on from their current issue. By staying strong and keeping active makes your mind and body feel at ease and causes less tension. ByShow MoreRelatedNorth Texas Associates Fitness Center Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesNorth Texas Associates Fitness Center Our team business idea is to develop a top-notch fitness venue. We will name it, North Texas Associates Fitness Center (NTAFC). The purpose of The North Texas Associates Fitness Center is to provide the community with an established health and fitness center that will be used for leisure time, promoting health, wellness, and exercise. While providing memberships to the community. This facility will provide a variety of fitness machines that are self-applicableRead MoreAnalysis Of Definebody Products, Its Market, And A Successful Interview With Charles El Moussa Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesMoussa, a Definebody staffmember, Better Business Consultants created a report with suggestions and strategies on how to carry out the future of the of Definebody products and new ideas on how to grow the franchise, new technologies, and new trends in fitness. It s a puzzling scenario for sure, but the simple explanation is that businesses succeeding in marketing are those with a clear, undeniable perspective...or in other words, a strong brand. Company Analysis Summary Definebody healthy market consistsRead MoreOur First Five Adventure And Fitness1797 Words   |  8 PagesOur First Five Adventure and Fitness Picks Matava Resort and Bamboo Adventure Spa is our first choice in the adventure and fitness category from around the World. Matava Fiji untouched takes the top spot on our list for several reasons. It has an amazingly diverse selection of guided adventure options for all skill and experience levels. The deep ecological passion of this organization shines through in everything that they do. Matava has earned numerous environmental and excellence in tourismRead MoreFederal Bureau of Prisons1287 Words   |  6 PagesLocality pay scale. Salaries for positions such as Electrician, Mechanic, and Plumber, are found on the Federal Wage System pay scale. A variety of health insurance plans are available to Federal employees, with the Government paying about 60 to 72 percent of the cost and the employee paying 28 to 40 percent, depending on the health plan. Basic life insurance is automatic and effective on the first workday the employee is in pay and duty status, unless the employee chooses to waive life insurance coverageRead MorePsychological Benefits Of Aquatic Therapy1568 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent occupations during aquatic therapy sessions. Occupations as defined in Framework III (AOTA, 2014). Occupational therapists can work with the individual on activities of daily living (ADL’s). ADL’s included in an aquatic therapy treatment plan could be bathi ng, showering, dressing, and functional mobility. Prupas et al. (2006) mentions undressing and dressing can be a part of aquatic therapy. The children can practice ADL’s before and after therapy in the locker room with a parent. AsRead MoreStrategies for Keeping Employees Motivated in Each of Early and Late Career Stages.1284 Words   |  6 PagesMotivation is a crucial tool to retain and bring the best out of human capital of an organization. Most successful organizations plan their motivational strategies based on employee needs and requirement. Likewise, motivational strategies may differ for employees in early career from that of late career workers. In Australia the working population is mainly comprised of the baby boomers (members in the generation of 1950s). However as this age group is nearing retirement it is highly essentialRead MoreAdaptive Physical Education Program For A Learner With A Disability1276 Words   |  6 Pagesand monitoring a carefully designed physical education instructional program for a learner with a disability, based on a comprehensive assessment, to give the learner the skills necessary for a lifetime of rich leisure, recreation, and sport experiences to enhance physical fitness and wellness† (apens.org). In simpler terms, it is just physical education that is adapted or modified to be appropriate for someone with a disability, while still being appropriate for someone without a disability. TeachersRead MoreReorganizational Plan: Busybody University Case Study1781 Words   |  7 PagesReorganizational Plan Executive summary Mission, Vision and values Busybody University`s chief mission is to accomplish the covenant amidst its founder accompanied by the populace of this state in the development of advanced university of education via its prevailing past land grant tasks of teaching, research and comprehensive public service; which is the fundamental of the entire activities, syllabi and the existing services that pertains to the institutions (Tracy, 2010). The vision of theRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1537 Words   |  7 Pagesreceive most of their health education? This family has few active health problems at this time and none of the family members currently take any medications, except OTC meds for headaches etc. Mom is overweight and is aware of this and has an action plan. Dad is a heavy smoker, smoking two packs per day for the last forty years! He does not recognize this as a health problem and does not want to quit. Everyone is up to date with vaccinations and sees their physician as needed. They have good healthRea d MoreThe Effects Of Occupational Therapy On The Health Of Individuals1422 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctioning of that client. The client–provider partnership supports shared decision making from the time the individual first engages in services, through developing intervention plans, and in all other aspects of the therapeutic process. A primary goal of the recovery model is to facilitate resiliency, health, and wellness in the community of the individual’s choice, rather than to manage symptoms. (6) Occupational Therapist in Mental Health assess which occupations are most meaningful to their clients

A Touch Of Elegance Essay Example For Students

A Touch Of Elegance Essay â€Å"What is needed in order to really become a star is an extra element which God gives you or doesn’t give you. You’re born with it. You cannot learn it. God kissed Audrey Hepburn on the cheek and there she was† (Harris 11). Seen as an angel by all those who adored her, Audrey Hepburn portrayed the true image of a Hollywood star. Her grace and elegance touched all those whom she met and her death brought sorrow to millions. Living her life as a princess, Audrey had everything she had ever dreamed of. But her journey to such an end was not easy. Living through the devastation of World War II was only one of the many struggles and triumphs Audrey had to face throughout her life. These events, which may have discouraged others, only added to the strength that emanated from her throughout her career. Born in Brussels, on May 4, 1929, to Baroness Ella van Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston and Joseph Victor Anthony Ruston, Audrey Kathleen van Heemstra Ruston encountered her f irst trial of life only twenty-one days after her birth (Paris 6). After contracting whooping cough the disease became so serious that Audrey stopped breathing. If it had not have been for the quick thinking of her mother and a slight spanking to start her breathing, Audrey would not have survived (Paris 7). â€Å"There was no giving up on this baby,† said her son, Sean, in later years, â€Å"I think that had an effect on her whole life, a second chance† (Paris 7). As she grew older Audrey traveled constantly between London and Brussels, and Arnhem and The Hague (Paris 7). Her brothers, Alexander and Ian, lived mainly with Ella’s parents. Audrey’s family finally settled when she was two; Ella had grown tired of the situation and moved the entire family from Brussels to Castel Sainte-Cecile, a small estate near Linkebeek (Paris 7). At the age of five, Audrey’s mother sent her to a boarding school in England. As much as she disliked being away from her family, Audrey soon realized that it was a â€Å"good lesson in independence† (Paris 8). Although it may have been a good lesson, Audrey soon became shy and withdrawn. She failed to make any friends and could usually be found in the garden, hiding underneath a tree or bush (Harris 21). To make matters worse, Audrey’s parents were in the process of getting a divorce. She once said of the incident, â€Å"The most traumatic event in my life was when my father left my mother† (Harris 19). In the middle of the court proceedings, Audrey’s mother moved to London to be close to her daughter. There was an immediate change in Audrey’s personality. She soon became more open and made many friends, and she even made the honor roll (Harris 22). It was around this time that Audrey took up ballet, a passion that would consume her over up to the start of her film career. By the time Audrey was ten the tensions with Germany, Italy, and Japan in Eastern Europe, A frica, and Asia threatened to become worldwide if they were not stopped (Harris 22). Eventually, England and France declared war against Germany. Fearing what would become of her daughter if she remained in England, Ella pulled Audrey out of her London school and moved to neutral Holland (Harris 22). It would be a decision they would both regret. Audrey suffered a mild case of culture shock due to the quick move from England to Holland. She had been speaking English for the better part of her life and the move to Holland meant learning the Dutch language at record speed. â€Å"That first morning in school I sat at my little bench, completely baffled. For several days I went home weeping. But I knew I couldn’t just give up. I was forced to learn the language quickly. And I did†, said Audrey on the experience (Harris 25). Peace in Holland did not last long. Five days after Audrey’s eleventh birthing in 1940 the Germans invaded and captured Arnhem (Harris 27). As t he war raged on the Nazis began rounding up men between the ages of sixteen and forty for labor service in Germany. Ian was included in this group of men and Audrey and her mother were left to take care of each other. Ella became involved in the Resistance, a group of Dutchmen that were against the intentions of the Nazis. Audrey also did her part to help the cause. Her mother would organize various fundraisers to raise money and Audrey would participate, using her ballet abilities to entertain the war-torn (Harris 37). As the seriousness of the war became more evident each day, Audrey and Ella dove into the world of the Resistance. Audrey became one of the children that helped deliver forged identity papers and counterfeit ration cards to â€Å"divers†, (Allied paratroopers on reconnaissance missions, pilots and crew members of downed Allied aircraft, and escapees from POW camps in Germany) (Harris 37-38). Food became scarcer as the German’s grip on Arnhem tightened. Audrey’s fifteenth birthday celebration consisted of leaves of endive for an appetizer, watered-down vegetable soup, and a quarter-loaf of bread made from dried pea flour. Her mother, unable to find all the ingredients needed to bake a cake, compromised by using a bowl of wild strawberries with a candle stuck in the middle (Harris 39). Because of such scarce rations, Audrey became anemic, suffered from asthma, and had frequent chronic migraine headaches. She also missed school and ballet classes because she lacked the strength to go (Harris 39). Having avoided mishaps with the Germans since the war began, Audrey’s luck soon ran out. While running an errand for her mother she was ordered by a Nazi soldier to join a group of girls her age to be sent out for menial labor. Audrey, refusing to be a slave, waited until the captor was smoking a cigarette and then ran away and hid in the cellar of a bombed-out building (Harris 44-45). In the process of hiding out Audrey lost t rack of time and several days passed. She finally returned home, only to find an ecstatic, but very relieved, Ella who had thought Audrey dead or sent off to a work camp (Harris 45). Audrey’s sixteenth birthday came on May 4, 1945, only three days after Hitler committed suicide (Harris 47). With the war in Arnhem ended, life was getting back to normal, and Audrey’s passion for ballet began anew. Her formal education ended and Audrey became absorbed in her dance classes (Harris 52). She studied under Sonia Gaskell, who had worked with the Russian ballerina Ljoebov Egorova and choreographed for the Ballets de Paris (Harris 51). Audrey once said of the experience, â€Å"I would train for two or three hours at a time, and even if I were purple in the face and covered with sweat, Sonia would shout: ‘Stand up, lieveling – don’t slouch!’ That gave me strength† (Harris 51). Unfortunately, the effects of the war were still present and Sonia had to shut down her studio due to insufficient funds. This downfall gave Audrey the opportunity to study under the famed Marie Rambert. She soon found herself filling out an application for the London dance academy (Harris 54). It was at this time that Audrey was discovered by two Dutch filmmakers. The two film makers were producer Hein Josephson and director C.H. van der Linden and the film was Nederlands in 7 Lessen, (a.k.a. Dutch in 7 Easy Lessons) (Harris 55). They thought Audrey was perfect for a bit part in the movie but she had her doubts. During the audition she said to the director, â€Å"If you’re expecting an actress, Mr. Van der Linden, you’ll be disappointed† (Harris 55). Linden was so enthralled by Audrey’s innocence and honesty that he cast her in the film. The movie was not a success, but it got Audrey her start in acting. On December 18, 1948 Audrey and her mother departed for England, where Audrey had been accepted to study under Marie Ram bert (Harris 57). Marie later said about Audrey, â€Å" had lovely long limbs and beautiful eyes, but her tragedy was being too tall. I tried to do whatever I could for her. She was a good worker, a wonderful learner. I always knew she would amount to something, but there was no future for her in my company of dancers† (Harris 59). Audrey worked hard, but shortly before she turned twenty she realized that her dream of becoming a solo ballerina was next to impossible. Even to be able to dance in the chorus would have meant five more years of training. Preparing for the inevitable future, Audrey began going to auditions and casting calls for various plays and musicals (Harris 60). Audrey finally got a break when she auditioned for a part in the chorus of High Button Shoes, the London production of a current New York hit. Director Archie Thompson admired her energy and cast her for the part (Harris 61). Audrey found herself happy and content with her being a part of the show. â €Å"I was finally earning money as a dancer. Maybe it wasn’t the kind of dancing I dreamed of, but I was out of the classroom and into the real world. I loved being in a musical show. I needed music in my life very badly. I loved sharing a dressing room with other girls. That brought me back to normal. From a young age I was very aware of suffering and fear. For the first time, I felt the pure joy of living† (Harris 62). During the performance of High Button Shoes, Cecil Landeau noticed Audrey in the chorus and marked her down as someone to consider for his next production (Harris 61). His next production came and Landeau, remembering Audrey, gave her a call. She was hired for a part in the chorus of Sauce Tartare. The show received good reviews and Audrey was assured a steady job (Harris 63). At a performance of Sauce Tartare, casting director Robert Lennard noticed Audrey in the chorus and recommended her to director Mario Zampi for a role in the upcoming movie, Laug hter in Paradise. Hesitating until the last moment the only role Audrey could get was that of a cigarette girl (Harris 67). Even though the role was small it got her noticed. Audrey auditioned for another movie and got a role in Monte Carlo Baby. During a scene shot at the Hotel de Paris, Audrey was spotted by Collete, creator of Gigi (Harris 72). Collete loved Audrey so much that she offered her the star role in her show (Harris 73). Audrey was reluctant at first, because of the little acting experience she had, but finally accepted. It would be the role that would launch her film career. Audrey went on to make her American film debut in 1953 in Roman Holiday (Brophy 1). She also played parts in movies such as, Sabrina (1954), War and Peace (1956), Funny Face (1957), The Nun’s Story (1959), My Fair Lady (1964), and her 1976 comeback as Maid Marian in Sean Connery’s Robin Hood (Johnson 1-2). Audrey’s most famous role was as Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffan y’s (Johnson 2). She always said that this was the role she identified with the most. In her later years, Audrey was a good-will ambassador for UNICEF. She traveled across Africa and Latin America and visited such places as Ethiopia and Somalia (Grophy 2). When asked about her travels with UNICEF Audrey said, â€Å"Your soul is nourished by all your experiences† (Schindehette 1). Audrey Hepburn passed away at her home in Tolochenaz, Switzerland at the age of sixty-three from colon cancer (Schindehette 1). The tragedy of her death spread worldwide. UNICEF executive director James Grant said, â€Å"She repeatedly put aside the comforts of home to visit some of the most deprived and often forgotten people on this planet† (Johnson 3). Audrey’s kindness touched and changed the lives of countless people. Her work is undoubtedly still continuing. On hearing of her death Elizabeth Taylor said, â€Å"God has a most beautiful new angel now that will know just what to do in heaven† (Johnson 3). Theater Essays .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a , .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .postImageUrl , .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a , .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a:hover , .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a:visited , .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a:active { border:0!important; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a:active , .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf38d3eb91bd708b7553cc3b42847489a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Information Technology And Quality Customer Servic Essay

What are the shortcomings of the concept of tribe when describing the realities of African traditions Essay Example

What are the shortcomings of the concept of tribe when describing the realities of African traditions? Essay The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word tribe as A group of persons forming a community and claiming descent from a common ancestor or A particular race of recognized ancestry; a family1. The word has its etymology in pre-Roman history. The word tribus was used to describe three distinct groups of people, supposedly involved in the founding of Rome. When Western colonialists arrived in Africa, they needed a mechanism to describe the social structures they found. The familiarity of the concept and its connotations seemed perfectly apt for the situation they encountered in Africa. The term was a product of their Classical education, part of their mental furniture, and it was in this way that the term tribe came to be used to describe the people they found in Africa. They deemed tribes to be equally primitive and so in need of civilisation. Tribe could also be used as an administrative tool as a method of cultural imperialism to distance the other and integrate this alterity into a known anthropological or ethnographic framework. If we take the dictionary definitions of the word tribe at face value, it quickly becomes obvious that its application to social structures in Africa is, at best, tenuous. More importantly, it is critical to note that the term tribe is an historical construct deriving from a specific historical situation, i.e. that of Imperialism and as such is not very well suited to explaining very much beyond this specific historical situation. This essay will aim to elucidate this colonial preconception and argue that only by clearing away quintessentially colonialist stereotypes can we begin to understand the richness and diversity of African realities and the problematic dangers of its modern day usage We will write a custom essay sample on What are the shortcomings of the concept of tribe when describing the realities of African traditions? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the shortcomings of the concept of tribe when describing the realities of African traditions? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the shortcomings of the concept of tribe when describing the realities of African traditions? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tribe is a derogatory and intellectually lazy term. Nowhere in the world, can we find a social group of common biological descent that shares a single history, a single language, that can be indentified as being a single political or economic unit with shared religious traditions or common cultural practices. Such entities simply do not exist. This is not an argument of semantics, but an example of what tribe is supposed to connote. It is convenient to think of African social structures in this way forgetting that tribes were a product of colonial partitioning of the continent. In the pre colonial state it is a truism that groupings existed whereby people spoke mutually intelligible dialects and their social customs grouped them into cohesive units, but these units were a mosaic of lineage groups, clans, villages, chiefdoms, kingdoms and empires, often with shifting and indeterminate frontiers and loose allegiances However during the partitioning of the continent when European diplomats drew straight lines on a map, the territories of these people were often bisected and trisected. It was a ruthless act of political amalgamation, whereby something of the order of 10,000 units were reduced to a mere 40. It was quite normal for a single one of the newly defined colonies to comprise two or three hundred earlier political groupings3. Colonial administrators wanted recognizable units they could control. The chief of a little-known group in Zambia once ventured to remark: My people were not Soli until 1937 when the Bwana D.C told us we were4. As such tribes as we perceive them dont exist. They not discrete single entities or coherent bodies of people. Identities in Africa are as diverse, ambiguous, complex, modern and changing as anywhere in the world. Before we wrote it, Africans had their own history, political and social structures. They were not primitive, just different to western notions of soc ial structures. This essay asks about the shortcomings of the word tribe in relation to African traditions. Taking the position that African traditions are the foundation of African history, which is essentially an oral tradition of myths and legends passed on from one generation to the next, it is hard to separate the African account from the western one. One cannot doubt that Africans have their own deeply rich history, but as a discipline, Africans writing their own history is relatively new. Post-colonial scholarship is now seeking to uncover other non-dominant voices in African History. The difficulty isolating what constitutes African traditions arises because a lot of what is documented was commissioned by colonial administrators and done so by missionaries or organizations like the Rhodes Livingstone institute, who as anthropologists didnt question their notion of tribe as they believed it was an inherent and pre-existing system/structure of social organization central to rural African lives . Missionaries often reduced Africas innumerable dialects to fewer written languages, each language supposedly defining a tribe. Yoruba, Igbo, Ewe, Shona and many other tribes were formed on this way5 When European administrators used the services of African intellectuals, they sometimes invented entirely new tribes such as the Abaluyia of western Kenya6. This demarcation was used as a tool to facilitate indirect rule. A central organizing concept in that notion of traditional African culture was of course that of the tribe7. These examples demonstrate the formation of tribalism and highlight the incongruities and questionable status of African history as we know it. Ultimately one might argue that the material this essay draws upon is fundamentally flawed. On the other hand acknowledging these limitations provide a basis for separating what really constitutes African history and tradition. It does not limit discussion on the broader topics of descent, linguistic and political structur e.

Heart of Darkness Essay

Heart of Darkness Essay Heart of Darkness Essay Guilt, disappointment and the fear behind Kurtz’s death Jordan Davis Mr. Allin ENG 4U March 3rd, 2012 Verbal statements may have multiple interpretations depending on one's perspective. In the novel, Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the reader use his/her own knowledge to generate themes and emotions. Consistently, the theme of the horrific reality is mentioned throughout the novel. Joseph’s character, Kurtz, cries out, â€Å"The horror! The horror† (Conrad 86) during his last moments; however, there is no obvious meaning and leaves the reader to realize the ambiguity of the words. The horror that Kurtz is referring to is the guilt he and Marlow feel, the disappointment of dying, and the fear of the darkness. Guilt is often the result of strong emotional feelings that involve negativity. When one makes a decision with negative consequences, one often experiences the emotion known as guilt. Joseph Conrad’s idea in this novel is to show the feeling of guilt through his characters' experiences working in the Congo. The character, Kurtz, is very good at what he brings to the Company; however, near his time of death he reflects on the inequality that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo. Marlow is careless when he receives his job in the Congo, due to the difference between the two lifestyles he has experienced at home and away from home, â€Å"While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink† (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a different type of behaviour by being in a diverse society and, naturally, he feels guilty about all of the aspects developed countries take advantage of with regard to undeveloped countries. Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they are doing is unfair to the natives and the land, but they also know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the ‘civilized’ and the natives are meant to experience, â€Å"It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory† (Conrad 88). The quote refers to some positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey. People at times are left with a feeling of guilt due to previous defeat in their lifetime, possibly leaving them displeased. Most people have goals in life that they want to accomplish before they die. In the novel, Kurtz is a respected man because of all he has been bringing to the Company. Although in his last moments of life, he looks back on his life that triggers him to evoke and grasp his true destiny. Before Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, â€Å"He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above – the Council of Europe, you know – mean him to be† (Conrad 23). The Company has great plans for Kurtz because he is the best at what he does and that is his ability to send in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resources in the Congo were ivory and rubber (Spooner 13). Marlow feels Kurtz’s pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancy short, â€Å"All that had been Kurtz’s had been passed out of my hands; his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career† (Conrad 91). This quote indicates that through Marlow’s eyes, there is a disappointing end to Kurtz’s life because of the expectations the Company and England wanted from him. The horror is shown in Kurtz’s death since his accomplishments were not at his best yet, and as he is dying with the feeling of guilt, Conrad creates the horror of his death. It is expressed to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his death. By spending time in a new environment, a person’s ability

Bowling for Columbine

Bowling for Columbine At one point a reporter acts as though he is bothered by the tragic killing of a six year old girl but when the camera is off is only worried about how his hair looks. Moore shows that through the fear induced by the media many Americans are desensitized to the vasy amounts of violence and gun related crimes and turning a blind eye towards a solution to it. In the graph provided with this assignment we see that violent crimes have actually gone down year after year and yet every time we turn on the news we are assaulted with violent images and reports of gun violence. The media keeps gun deaths and violence first and foremost using the news, newspapers, magazines, talk shows, etc to keep us in a constant state of fear. In the film we see the town of Virgin Utah passed a law requiring all residents to posse firearms but why would you want more guns? Because the media induced fear that without a gun you will become the victim of someone with one if you don’t. Who benefits from this fear? Well first gun manufacturers, As we’ve seen with the massive amounts of guns purchased following the tragedies of Columbine and Sandy Hook. Second would be the media, People tuning in to the news or talk shows or even buying a printed publication to read about the latest tragedy. Third would be defense manufacturers, People buying bullet proof jackets or bullet proof backpacks for their kids or even schools buying metal detectors. And finally the government, By keeping the public fearful it makes them predictable and therefore easier to control. And why would these companies and organizations want us to remain ignorant and fearful? Because of money. If you are fearful that your neighbor might harm you or your family then your more likely to run out and purchase a gun or home security system therefore generating huge profits for those keeping us fearful. If you think another country might do us harm you are more willing to go along with spending increases for the military without any hard proof. A government report comes out about increases in crime in your area and how more police are needed and they convince you to vote for tax increases to pay for these. This leads to reinforced ideas like don’t tread on me or an eye for an eye, If someone might do me or my family harm then I need to defend them. This has a legitimizing effect because unless guns are removed or the media stops reporting mainly negative and violent news people will continue to do each other harm. Even without the media stirring up fear there will still be violence and crime but would there be such high levels of violent crime? Personally I don’t believe there would be. Did this tragedy spark a moral panic? Yes and it’s evident in almost every high school in America these days. When I was in high school you could leave the campus at any time you wanted and during lunch time many students did. These days most high schools have a closed campus so you can’t leave for lunch or at any time you choose. In some schools they have cameras everywhere as well as metal detectors and security guards. In the past if a student joked about doing something horriffic, Like shooting up the school, Most kids laughed and didn’t take it seriously but today you could be expelled for it. You could even been expelled for something ridiculous like dyeing your hair blue or folding a piece of paper into the shape of a gun and pointing it at someone. I feel that this tragedy has started some serious discussions about gun control and violence in our society but until we reign in the media and hold those accountable for the massive levels of violence in the news, movies, tv, video games, and American life in general no ground will be made. In todays society we often forget about tragedies almost as quickly as they happened because of the next latest horrible event we are fed by the media. Bowling for Columbine Bowling for Columbine Bowling for Columbine At one point a reporter acts as though he is bothered by the tragic killing of a six year old girl but when the camera is off is only worried about how his hair looks. Moore shows that through the fear induced by the media many Americans are desensitized to the vasy amounts of violence and gun related crimes and turning a blind eye towards a solution to it. In the graph provided with this assignment we see that violent crimes have actually gone down year after year and yet every time we turn on the news we are assaulted with violent images and reports of gun violence. The media keeps gun deaths and violence first and foremost using the news, newspapers, magazines, talk shows, etc to keep us in a constant state of fear. In the film we see the town of Virgin Utah passed a law requiring all residents to posse firearms but why would you want more guns? Because the media induced fear that without a gun you will become the victim of someone with one if you don’t. Who benefits from this fear? Well first gun manufacturers, As we’ve seen with the massive amounts of guns purchased following the tragedies of Columbine and Sandy Hook. Second would be the media, People tuning in to the news or talk shows or even buying a printed publication to read about the latest tragedy. Third would be defense manufacturers, People buying bullet proof jackets or bullet proof backpacks for their kids or even schools buying metal detectors. And finally the government, By keeping the public fearful it makes them predictable and therefore easier to control. And why would these companies and organizations want us to remain ignorant and fearful? Because of money. If you are fearful that your neighbor might harm you or your family then your more likely to run out and purchase a gun or home security system therefore generating huge profits for those keeping us fearful. If you think another country might do us harm you are more willing to go along with spending increases for the military without any hard proof. A government report comes out about increases in crime in your area and how more police are needed and they convince you to vote for tax increases to pay for these. This leads to reinforced ideas like don’t tread on me or an eye for an eye, If someone might do me or my family harm then I need to defend them. This has a legitimizing effect because unless guns are removed or the media stops reporting mainly negative and violent news people will continue to do each other harm. Even without the media stirring up fear there will still be violence and crime but would there be such high levels of violent crime? Personally I don’t believe there would be. Did this tragedy spark a moral panic? Yes and it’s evident in almost every high school in America these days. When I was in high school you could leave the campus at any time you wanted and during lunch time many students did. These days most high schools have a closed campus so you can’t leave for lunch or at any time you choose. In some schools they have cameras everywhere as well as metal detectors and security guards. In the past if a student joked about doing something horriffic, Like shooting up the school, Most kids laughed and didn’t take it seriously but today you could be expelled for it. You could even been expelled for something ridiculous like dyeing your hair blue or folding a piece of paper into the shape of a gun and pointing it at someone. I feel that this tragedy has started some serious discussions about gun control and violence in our society but until we reign in the media and hold those accountable for the massive levels of violence in the news, movies, tv, video games, and American life in general no ground will be made. In todays society we often forget about tragedies almost as quickly as they happened because of the next latest horrible event we are fed by the media. Bowling for Columbine

Disaster communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disaster communications - Essay Example Consequently, the soviets were quick to react and sent two fighters so that they can intercept the intruding plane. After dialogues between fighter pilots and soviet control, the fighters were able to locate the Korean plane quickly and attempted to contact the pilot of the passenger plane. However, after failing to get a feedback from the pilot, one of the fighters lost patience and fired a missile to the plane, making it to plummet into the Sea of Japan, leaving 269 people dead (Grier, 2013). This is a clear illustration of how poor communication can result to severe damages such as death and destruction of equipment. The incident claimed innocent lives due to poor communication. A single action that would have prevented this occurrence was swift responding. The pilot of the Korean plane would have responded to the soviet fighters because he was aware that he was flying on unauthorized space. In the event that he had communicated adequately, the fighters would have allowed the pilot to use the Russian space. Conclusively, implementation of proper communication is possible and prevents occurrence of similar incidents in